Criminals can be resourceful and unrelenting in their efforts to find a way around obstacles. Wildlife traffickers are no exception. Today’s trade in wildlife and wildlife products has shifted from physical markets to online marketplaces where traffickers apply e-commerce business models and use encrypted messages in an attempt to evade detection by law enforcement.While the move towards online platforms started several years before the Covid-19 pandemic, the restrictions imposed to contain the virus accelerated this digital transformation. According toInterpol, traffickers are advertising and selling wildlife and wildlife products via social media platforms. Gaining access to a vast international marketplace and following the same routes as other crimes such as drugs and weapons smuggling, wildlife trafficking is rising 5% to 7% annually, two to three times faster than the global economy.‘The information available to investigate the illegal trade in wildlife is often incomplete or missing. As such, we can’t get the full picture,’ said Enrico Di Minin, associate professor of conservation geography at the University of Helsinki in Finland where he leads the Helsinki Lab of Interdisciplinary Conservation Science. ‘Since 2015, when the illegal trade in wildlife began moving increasingly onto digital markets, I began investigating the wildlife trade from digital platforms.’This is how the concept for theWILDTRADEproject came about – to quantify the global patterns and trends of the illegal wildlife trade and to investigate how market forces shape them. The idea is to use big data mined from social media platforms in combination with machine learning methods and data gathered from online surveys and literature reviews to identify what species and wildlife products are traded online and what are the motives behind the trade. The findings will also help Di Minin and his research team identify global hotspots and the global flow of goods.Data collection, codes and digital platforms‘The innovation of using machine learning methods is that we are able to automatically identify data from many digital platforms and for many species and products at the same time without needing to manually go through this content,’ said Di Minin, who will address theIUCN World Conservation Congressin Marseille, France, on 5 September.“The innovation of using machine learning methods is that we are able to automatically identify relevant data from many digital platforms and for many species and products at the same time.Enrico Di Minin, associate professor of conservation geography at the University of Helsinki in FinlandData collection complies with data privacy and protection regulations so it can no longer be attributed to a specific person.Di Minin’s cross-disciplinary team of expert computer scientists and social scientists sift through the flood of data using machine learning algorithms. ‘By filtering and analysing the data, we can provide new insights into the hotspots of the trade, the quantities traded and the prices. These are aspects that are still poorly known at the global level,’ said Di Minin. ‘We’re also particularly interested in learning how rarity – how rare a species is on the market or in the wild – affects the preferences of people who use these products.“We’re also particularly interested in learning how rarity – how rare a species is on the market or in the wild – affects the preferences of people who use these products.Enrico Di Minin, associate professor of conservation geography at the University of Helsinki in FinlandOne of the areas where researchers are focusing their attention is Southeast Asia. ‘In a recent study we investigated the online market for songbirds in Indonesia, where keeping pet songbirds has strong cultural traditions. We found that the online trade was not limited to major cities but spread throughout the country. We also found that prices on online marketplaces were significantly higher than the prices stated in consumer surveys,’ Di Minin explained.Framing the illegal wildlife trade as a global security threatExamining online data can tell a far wider story than the impact on wildlife, revealing the complex reasons why people get drawn into poaching and trafficking, such as poverty and poor governance. It also highlights the different actors involved and the challenges they present including the threat to livelihoods, national security and even global stability.One result of the idea that the illegal wildlife trade is conducted by criminals, organised crime networks and shadowy groups operating outside the law is the growing integration of conservation and security. Professor Rosaleen Duffy from the University of Sheffield coordinated the projectBIOSEC, which highlighted possible harm to wildlife and people by casting the trade as a crime and security issue. She warns that this approach can obscure some of the underlying drivers of the illegal wildlife trade, such as demand from the world’s wealthiest communities.‘It is important to address why some people continue to engage in illegal hunting,’ said Prof. Duffy. ‘It may be because they have no alternative opportunities or because they do not recognise the legitimacy of colonial laws that forbid access to or use of wildlife in the area. By focusing on the relationship between nature and society these omissions and blind spots are revealed – highlighting how they shape and change conservation policy.’‘After all, it’s these blind spots and omissions that eventually result in ineffective and socially unjust policymaking, which impacts both conservationists and people living with wildlife,’ added Duffy.On the ground, this means gaining a better understanding of the complexities of threats to wildlife, such as elephants, and designing effective and socially just conservation solutions. This requires a knowledge of conservation biology, development studies, international politics and economics. ‘For instance, our research on demand reduction for ivory used critical race theory to unpick and understand the often racist underpinnings of demand reduction campaigns by NGOs aimed at Asian ivory markets,’ said Duffy. ‘We called for more culturally nuanced and effective campaigns which engaged positively with consumers.’“Our research on demand reduction for ivory used critical race theory to unpick and understand the often racist underpinnings of demand reduction campaigns by NGOs aimed at Asian ivory markets.Professor Rosaleen Duffy from the University of SheffieldTheworkalso focused on overlooked European species in illegal wildlife trade debates: songbirds, timber and caviar. ‘There is often an assumption that illegal wildlife trade is a “problem” of Asia and Africa – which ignores the role of Europe as a source, consumer and transit region.’The research in this article was funded by the ERC. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.Related regulationsThreatened plants and animals are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This multilateral treatyisimplemented in the EU through a set ofRegulationsknown as the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. The Regulations currently in force are:Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein(theBasic Regulation)Commission Regulation (EC) No 865/2006laying down detailed rules concerning the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97(theImplementing Regulation)Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 792/2012laying down rules for the design of permits, certificates and other documents provided for in Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97(thePermit Regulation).Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2019/1587prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora (the Suspension Regulation).The Annexes to Council Regulation (EC) 338/97 as well as Commission Regulation (EC) 865/2006 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 792/2012 are currently under revision. The amended versions are planned to be adopted in November.In addition, theEU Action Plan against Wildlife Traffickingis currently being evaluated in view of its revision, planned for next year.
This article was originally published in Horizon, the EU Research and Innovation magazine.